The New Kingdom was a time period that lasted from around 1570 BC-1080 BC established a period of unprecedented prosperity by securing their borders and strengthening diplomatic ties with their neighbors. Military campaigns waged under Tuthmosis I and his grandson Tuthmosis III extended the influence of the pharaohs into Syria and Nubia, cementing loyalties and opening access to critical imports such as bronze and wood. The New Kingdom started out as a great time for Ancient Egypt, but it ended very differently. In the New Kingdom, Ancient Egypt was one of the world’s greatest powers. Egypt conquered many countries around Nubia, supplying Egypt with many treasures. Soon Egypt developed a great empire that reached its highest point in 1400 BC. The New Kingdom capital was moved to Thebes. Later the pharaoh Amenhotep devoted himself to the god Aton, who replaced all the gods in the New Kingdom except for Ra, the sun god. At the end of the New Kingdom, Ancient Egyptians Moving the capital to the new city of Akhenaton ( tall el Amarna), Akhenaton turned a deaf ear to foreign affairs and absorbed himself in his new religion and artistic style. After his death, the cult of the Aton was quickly abandoned, and the subsequent pharaohs Tutankhamun, Ay, and Horemheb erased all mention of Akhenaton’s heresy, now known as the Amarna Period. Soon there was another power struggle among the government officials. This caused Ancient Egypt to break into smaller states, making it weak. Invaders gladly took advantage of their weakness.
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| New Kingdom |
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| New Kingdom |
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| New Kingdom |
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| New Kingdom |
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| New Kingdom |
Third Intermediate Period
At the death of Ramses’ XI, the throne passed to Smendes. Smendes' reign (from 1070 to 1044 B.C.)
About 350 years of politically divided rule (known as the Third Intermediate Period). The Third Intermediate Period laid the foundation for many changes that are observable in art and culture throughout the first millennium. This period of Egyptian history can be divided into three general stages.
The 21st Dynasty ruled Lower Egypt in Tanis. The 22nd Dynasty was split between Upper and lower Egypt. Rulers of the 23rd Dynasty held Thebes early on, but later ruled from Herakleopolis, Tanis, Hermopolis, and Leontopolis. Splitting of the central rule of Egypt into competing centers of power weakened the government considerably, and probably led to the Kushite attack that took control with the 25th Dynasty and the Late Kingdom.
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| Third Intermediate Period |
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| Third Intermediate Period |
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| Third Intermediate Period |
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| Third Intermediate Period |
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| Third Intermediate Period |
Late Period
The Late Period (the time from the end of the Third Intermediate Period to the beginning of Greek rule). During the Late Period, Egypt alternated between native rule and domination by Persia. The Twenty-sixth Dynasty used Greek mercenaries to seize power in the vacuum left by the withdrawal of both Assyria and the Kushite kings from Egypt. With no permanent plans for conquest, the Assyrians left control of Egypt to a series of vassals who became known as the Saite kings of the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty. Throughout the Late Period, Egypt made a largely successful effort to maintain an effectively centralized state, which, except for the two periods of Persian occupation (Twenty-seventh and Thirty-first dynasties), was based on earlier indigenous models. Late Period Egypt, however, displayed certain destabilizing features, such as the emergence of regionally based power centers. These contributed to the revolts against the Persian occupation but also to the recurrent internal crises of the Twenty-eighth, Twenty-ninth, and Thirtieth dynasties.
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| Late Period |
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| Late Period |
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| Late Period |
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| Late Period |
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| Late Period |
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| Late Period |
Ptolemaic Dynasty
The Ptolemaic dynasty flourished in Egypt (from 323 until 31 BC). Ptolemy I Soter began with the satrapy of Egypt. The Ptolemaic kingdom survived until Ptolemy’s grandson Ptolemaios XV Caesar was executed by Octavian in 31 BC. Ptolemy's family ruled Egypt until the Roman conquest of 30 BC. The dynastic history of Ptolemaic Egypt is very confusing, because all the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy, and because many of them married their sisters, who were often called Cleopatra. The most famous member of the line was the last Ptolemaic queen, Cleopatra VII. This period is confusing due to all of the co-regencies. Scholars are not always in agreement on the order of reigns and, in some case, the reigns themselves, from Ptolemy VI through Ptolemy XI. In any event, Egypt's authority and wealth was intact until the death of Cleopatra, at which time, Egypt was overpowered by Rome.
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| Ptolemaic dynasty |
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| Ptolemaic dynasty |
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| Ptolemaic dynasty |
Roman domination
Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire in 30 BC, following the defeat of Marc Antony and Ptolemaic Queen Cleopatra VII by Octavian in the Battle of Actium. The Romans relied heavily on grain shipments from Egypt. Alexandria became an increasingly important center on the trade route with the orient.
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| Roman domination |
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| Roman domination |
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| Roman domination |
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| Roman domination |
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